Researchers from Osaka University, Japan, have used microwave radiation and a calcium hydroxide catalyst to selectively produce sugars from formaldehyde.
Known as the formose reaction, this classic chemical synthesis follows two steps, eventually forming a complex mixture of sugars and sugar alcohols. However, these need separating for further industrial use.
The new Osaka work both speeds up and improves the selectivity of the formose reaction. It produces just two sugars — a hexose and a heptose — with a reaction yield of nearly 100%.
Their version of the reaction involves irradiating a 5mL aqueous solution of formaldehyde containing calcium hydroxide catalyst with 2.45 GHz microwaves for one minute at 150⁰C.
“The chemicals industry has a sustainability problem.”
With the two products being readily purified and the straightforward reaction design reported in a recent issue of RSC Advances, the Osaka researchers believe the new reaction will help improve the sustainability of chemical feedstock production and prove invaluable if scaling up to larger reaction volumes can be achieved.
“We hypothesize that the formose reaction in our system proceeds substantially on the surface of calcium hydroxide crystallites in the reaction mixture,” says Akihito Hashidzume, a professor with the Department of Macromolecular Science at Osaka University and lead author of the study. “Given that the formose reaction can also proceed on mineral or meteorite surfaces, our work also has intriguing possible implications for understanding the prebiotic synthesis of sugars,” he adds.
Hashidzume’s team will continue to focus on the formose reaction, with two priorities.
“First is to improve the yield with the calcium hydroxide catalyst using different, higher-power microwave reactors and by optimizing the purification procedure. Second, is to obtain sugars using other catalysts. Our preliminary data indicated that the products are somehow dependent on the catalyst. If we get a grant, we will continue this project,” he explains.
Hashidzume is particularly keen to pursue the microwave reactor technology. “It’s one of the most important parameters, but we could not choose the wavelength used freely because of regulations under the [Japanese] Radio Act. So, after getting a grant, we would like to collaborate with some company that produces or designs microwave reactors,” he explains (Figure 1).
“The chemicals industry has a sustainability problem, and using formaldehyde as a chemical synthesis precursor can help solve this problem. Our updates to the formose reaction add substantial value to its utility in subsequent chemical syntheses,” Hashidzume concludes.
About the Author
Seán Ottewell
Editor-at-Large
Seán Ottewell is a freelance editor based in Ireland. He has an impressive background in the chemical industry. After earning his degree in biochemistry at Warwick University, UK, he earned his master's in radiation biochemistry from the University of London. His first job out of school was with the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London, where he served as scientific officer with the food science radiation unit.
From there he entered the world of publishing. In 1990, he was the assistant editor of The Chemical Engineer, later moving on to the chief editor's position. Since 1998, he has been a regular contributor to European Process Engineer, European Chemical Engineer, International Oil & Gas Engineer, European Food Scientist, EuroLAB, International Power Engineer, published by Setform Limited, London, UK.
Chemical Processing has been proud to call Ottewell Editor at Large since 2007.
He and his family run a holiday cottage in the small village of Bracklagh in East Mayo. He also fancies himself an alpaca farmer.